| Future Grid-Scale Energy Storage Solutions: Power to XProviding a detailed understanding of why heat and electricity energy storage technologies have developed so rapidly, Future Grid-Scale Energy Storage Solutions: Mechanical and Chemical Technologies and Principles presents the required fundamentals for techno-economic and environmental analysis of various grid-scale energy storage technologies. Through a consistent framework, each chapter outlines state-of-the-art advances, benefits and challenges, energy and exergy analyses models of these technologies, as well as an elaboration on their performance under dynamic and off-design operating conditions. Chapters include a case study analysis section, giving a detailed understanding of the systems’ thermodynamics and economic and environmental performance in real operational conditions, and wrap-up with a discussion of the future prospects of these technologies from commercial and research perspectives.
This book is a highly beneficial reference for researchers and scientists dealing with grid-scale energy storage systems, as a single comprehensive book providing the information and fundamentals required to do modeling, analysis, and/or feasibility studies of such systems. University of Alberta | Publication | 2023-03-25 | Shahbakhti, M. |
| Future Grid-Scale Energy Storage Solutions: Green HydrogenProviding a detailed understanding of why heat and electricity energy storage technologies have developed so rapidly, Future Grid-Scale Energy Storage Solutions: Mechanical and Chemical Technologies and Principles presents the required fundamentals for techno-economic and environmental analysis of various grid-scale energy storage technologies. Through a consistent framework, each chapter outlines state-of-the-art advances, benefits and challenges, energy and exergy analyses models of these technologies, as well as an elaboration on their performance under dynamic and off-design operating conditions. Chapters include a case study analysis section, giving a detailed understanding of the systems’ thermodynamics and economic and environmental performance in real operational conditions, and wrap-up with a discussion of the future prospects of these technologies from commercial and research perspectives.
This book is a highly beneficial reference for researchers and scientists dealing with grid-scale energy storage systems, as a single comprehensive book providing the information and fundamentals required to do modeling, analysis, and/or feasibility studies of such systems. University of Alberta | Publication | 2023-03-25 | Shahbakhti, M. |
| Future Grid-Scale Energy Storage Solutions: Liquid Air Energy StorageProviding a detailed understanding of why heat and electricity energy storage technologies have developed so rapidly, Future Grid-Scale Energy Storage Solutions: Mechanical and Chemical Technologies and Principles presents the required fundamentals for techno-economic and environmental analysis of various grid-scale energy storage technologies. Through a consistent framework, each chapter outlines state-of-the-art advances, benefits and challenges, energy and exergy analyses models of these technologies, as well as an elaboration on their performance under dynamic and off-design operating conditions. Chapters include a case study analysis section, giving a detailed understanding of the systems’ thermodynamics and economic and environmental performance in real operational conditions, and wrap-up with a discussion of the future prospects of these technologies from commercial and research perspectives.
This book is a highly beneficial reference for researchers and scientists dealing with grid-scale energy storage systems, as a single comprehensive book providing the information and fundamentals required to do modeling, analysis, and/or feasibility studies of such systems. University of Alberta | Publication | 2023-03-25 | Shahbakhti, M. |
| Oxygen Electrode Materials for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs) University of Alberta | Publication | 2023-05-05 | Hanifi, A. |
| Control-oriented Modeling of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Affected by Redox Cycling using a Novel Deep Learning Approach University of Alberta | Publication | 2024-10-27 | Mohamadali Tofigh, Masood Fakouri Hasanabadi, Hanifi, A., Koch, C., Shahbakhti, M. |
| Developing an Efficient Model for a SOFC System Using Self-supervised Convolutional Autoencoder and Stateful LSTM Network The development of an efficient dynamic model for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems is essential for control strategies, process optimization, and fault diagnostics - key steps toward maximizing power generation and extending their lifetime. Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM), a potent type of
recurrent neural network, has proven to be adept at modeling intricate physical dynamic systems using extensive input-output data. They are particularly well-suited for capturing longrange
dependencies and temporal patterns. Nevertheless, due to memory and computing constraints in practice, training an LSTM network to effectively learn long-term dependency is challenging, which stems from the sequential processing nature of LSTMs. In this study, a self-supervised convolutional
autoencoder (AE) is developed to learn a concise yet informative temporal representation of historical input data. These compressed hidden sequences are then input into an LSTM model,
which is trained using a truncated backpropagation through time (TBPTT) algorithm. Once trained, an identical stateful LSTM model is reconstructed using the learned parameters, enabling the LSTM to predict the voltage using only the most recent past input data, rather than a sequence of data over
which the model was trained. The efficacy of the proposed framework is validated utilizing diverse experimental data collected from a lab-scale SOFC. The results indicate while the model properly identifies the underlying dynamics of the SOFC, it significantly reduces the training and runtime prediction computation costs of a traditional LSTM model by 38% and 42% respectively. This enhancement holds promise for improving real-time control and diagnostics of SOFC systems,
ultimately contributing to their improved performance and reliability. University of Alberta | Publication | 2024-07-08 | Mohamadali Tofigh, Zeynab Salehi, Hanifi, A., Koch, C., Shahbakhti, M. |
| Performance Prediction of a Range of Diverse Solid Oxide Fuel Cells using Deep Learning and Principal Component Analysis University of Alberta | Publication | 2024-10-30 | Zeynab Salehi, Mohamadali Tofigh, Sajad Vafaeenezhad, Koch, C., Shahbakhti, M. |
| 2024 Canadian Hydrogen ConventionAttended 2024 Canadian Hydrogen Convention and discussed collaboration with potential partners in Strathcona County to test SOFC for combined heat and power (CHP) application in their planned facility to create a hydrogen fueled CHP testbed using their recent ERA funding. University of Alberta | Activity | 2024-04-23 | Shahbakhti, M., Hanifi, A. |
| Canadian Hydrogen Convention University of Alberta | Activity | 2023-04-24 | Shahbakhti, M., Koch, C., Hanifi, A. |
| SOFC DatabaseThree tubular cells with different design parameters are fabricated, and each is tested under 18 different operating conditions. Moreover, a planar cell is tested under 10 operating conditions. Tubular and planar cells are substantially different in cell parameters and tested under a wide range of operating conditions. At each operating condition, fuel cell polarization curves are collected. A dataset of 23,820 samples from these cells, that could be useful for data-driven modeling is obtained and available as open source to the community University of Alberta | Publication | 2024-03-01 | Zeynab Salehi, Mohamadali Tofigh, Masood Fakouri Hasanabadi, Hanifi, A., Shahbakhti, M., Koch, C. |
| SOFC applications as combined Heat and Power Units for CanadaDr. Amir Hanifi, who holds the position of a Senior Science and Technology Advisor at the Canadian government, has consistently highlighted the pivotal role of SOFC and SOEC in shaping Canada's hydrogen economy throughout the project's duration. He has made it a point to enlighten senior officials in the Federal Government about the potential of SOFC to be used as combined heat and power for residential use, and the importance of SOFC and SOEC in power-to-gas-to-power (P2G2P) cycles. His efforts have significantly elevated the level of awareness and understanding of this key technology within the federal government. University of Alberta | Activity | 2024-03-01 | Hanifi, A. |
| CFD modeling and analysis of anode supported solid oxide fuel cellsSolid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are promising energy conversion devices that offer high efficiency and low environmental impact. In order to understand and accurately estimate the
SOFCs performance, advanced modeling techniques are required due to SOFCs complicated
multi-physics nature and complex fluid flow patterns. This thesis focuses on adopting a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis approach to study the performance of SOFCs in terms
of electrical power output, thermal gradients across the cell, and fuel and oxidant consumption
through the cell’s gas channels.
Two different three-dimensional models were developed and experimentally validated for
tubular and planar SOFCs. The effect of the cell’s operating conditions and structure properties
on its performance was studied. Additionally, the planar cell thermal gradients as a function
of the operating conditions were studied.
The results show the effect of operating temperature on cell performance and the hydrogen
and oxygen mass fraction across the fuel and air channels, respectively, for both tubular and
planar models.
Finally, a parametric analysis was conducted to study the effect of the cell’s structure
parameters, such as anode porosity, anode thickness, and electrolyte thickness, on the tubular
and planar cells’ performance. Additionally, the effect of changing operating parameters such
as the inlet temperature and flow rate of fuel and oxidant on the thermal gradient across the
planar cell University of Alberta | Publication | 2023-11-01 | Shahbakhti, M. |
| Invention disclosure: SOFC diagnostics and control with use of customized power electronicsWe submitted Cummins Invention Disclosure Form for the usage of customized power electronics to increase observability and controllability of solid oxide oxide fuel cells in a stack. University of Alberta | IP Management | 2023-04-03 | Shahbakhti, M., Koch, C., Khajehoddin, A. |
| Transient Modeling of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell using an Efficient Deep Learning HY-CNN-NARX ParadigmControl and monitoring systems are crucial for ensuring optimal performance, efficiency, and longevity of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC). Developing a model to accurately capture the transient behavior of the SOFC under dynamic operation is essential for these applications. As electrochemical, mass-transfer, and thermal equations are involved in SOFCs’ dynamic, physics-based approaches to capture all the complexity of SOFC systems are often too computationally expensive for real-time implementation. In this paper, an innovative multi-input neural network is developed to build an accurate model of SOFC that is computationally efficient. The proposed algorithm uses experimental data and is a modified nonlinear autoregressive exogenous (NARX) network. An optimal sequence of the most recent observations (output voltages) that characterize the SOFC dynamics is passed through stacked 1D convolutional layers (CNN) to extract latent spatial/temporal information. Then the output is concatenated with current and past exogenous inputs. The fusion of learned features, representing the internal dynamics and the effect of exogenous inputs, is then fed to a fully connected network for one step ahead performance prediction. This hybrid structure, called HY-CNN-NARX, is capable of identifying the transient dynamics of the SOFCs by unrolling information from historical outputs and inputs within a feedforward framework. To evaluate the model performance, lab-scale tubular SOFCs are experimentally tested at 650–750 ◦C under various dynamic operations and initial conditions, and the transient and steady-state responses of the SOFC are collected. Once the model is validated using a wide operating range of data, the generalization and prediction performance of the proposed network is compared with a conventional NARX and a recurrent stacked Long short-term memory (LSTM) model. The comparative results demonstrate that the proposed HY-CNN-NARX model outperforms the NARX model on unseen data with an accuracy improvement of 59.2% for root mean square error and 53.7% for mean absolute percentage error. In addition, the prediction performance of the HY-CNN-NARX is comparable to its recurrent counterpart, the LSTM model, but with a 39.3% faster execution time. University of Alberta | Publication | 2024-04-14 | Mohamadali Tofigh, Zeynab Salehi, Hanifi, A., Koch, C., Shahbakhti, M. |
| A New Architecture based on Temporal Convolution and Nonlinear Autoregressive Exogenous for Performance Prediction of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells under Dynamic Operation University of Alberta | Publication | 2024-03-01 | Mohamadali Tofigh, Hanifi, A., Koch, C., Shahbakhti, M. |
| Control-oriented Modeling of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Affected by Redox Cycling using a Novel Deep Learning Approach University of Alberta | Publication | 2024-03-01 | Mohamadali Tofigh, Masood Fakouri Hasanabadi, Hanifi, A., Koch, C., Shahbakhti, M. |
| Design, thermodynamic, and economic analyses of a green hydrogen storage concept based on solid oxide electrolyzer/fuel cells and heliostat solar fieldGreen hydrogen production is facing challenges in balancing economic feasibility with sustainability. Employing efficient hydrogen production designs and benefiting from the potential of hydrogen storage provide two promising strategies to mitigate the economic constraints associated with green hydrogen production. This paper proposes a novel hybrid design for green hydrogen production/utilization based on efficient high-temperature units, including heliostat solar field, solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC), and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The proposed system is comprehensively investigated from thermodynamic and economic perspectives, along with conducting a case study based on hourly electricity prices and actual solar data. The system demonstrates a hydrogen production rate of 7.76 ton/day using the SOEC and a power generation of 54.3 MWh in the SOFC for peak demand shaving, yielding an overall round trip efficiency of 74.2%. The case study results indicate that the economic feasibility is significantly compromised if all the produced hydrogen is sold at prices below 2.75 $/kg; while, implementation of hydrogen storage for peak shaving can yield a promising payback period of less than 2 years. The hydrogen and hourly electricity prices, along with the duration of peak times, are the other critical factors that affect economic viability. University of Alberta | Publication | 2023-07-08 | Hanifi, A., Shahbakhti, M. |
| Modeling and microstructural study of anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells: Experimental and thermodynamic analysesDeveloping novel solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with high stability running at low temperatures is an important objective in SOFC science. In the current paper, a comprehensive physics-based microstructure modeling using scanning electron microscope (SEM) image analysis was performed on several anode-support SOFCs operating at low temperatures with high stability. To bridge the gap in the literature regarding an accurate and realistic modeling, a new model was developed based on the variable fuel and air utilization factors and updated microstructure values (e.g., tortuosity, porosity, pore size, grain size). The model accuracy was verified by a thorough point-to-point validation for eight different cells with the configuration of Ni-YSZ (anode), YSZ (electrolyte), and GDC/PNO (cathode). Different temperatures, hydrogen, and air mass flow rates were used, for which an average error of less than 3% in the I-V curves was achieved. The microstructure of the cells, including cathode thickness (15–26 μm), anode-support thickness (350–460 μm), porosity (39 and 43%), grain size (1.1–1.4 μm), and pore radius (0.9–1.1 μm) were varied. Moreover, the effects of the critical operational and design parameters on the overpotential losses and cell performance were studied. The results show that a hydrogen flow rate of 43 sccm was ideal when the cell operated at 0.9 A/cm2 and 700 °C. Moreover, an average anode-support pore radius of 1.75 μm resulted in the best cell performance. It was also concluded that the electrolyte thickness has a higher effect on the cell performance compared to the cathode thickness University of Alberta | Publication | 2023-09-13 | Hanifi, A., Shahbakhti, M. |
| Thermodynamic and Economic Analysis of a Novel Concept for Methane Pyrolysis in Molten Salt Combined with Heliostat Solar Field Methane pyrolysis has emerged as a promising low-carbon hydrogen production method,
serving as a bridge from conventional fossil fuels to renewable energies (REs). A recent
technique for sustainable hydrogen production involves the process of methane pyrolysis in
molten salt. To better understand the potential of sustainable turquoise hydrogen production,
this paper presents a technoeconomic assessment of methane pyrolysis in molten salt
combined with a high-temperature heliostat solar field. In addition, a high-temperature
thermal energy storage (HTES) unit is utilized to ensure uninterrupted hydrogen production
during periods of solar unavailability, thereby contributing to the economic viability of the
overall system. The proposed system can produce 9 tons of H 2 /day and 27 tons of solid
carbon/day with a round-trip efficiency of 49.8% and a levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) of
1.93 $/kg. To further decarbonize the process, the feasibility of utilizing renewable energies
as the source of electricity for the HTES was analyzed, yielding a synergistic achievement of
clean and economic hydrogen production. This configuration resulted in a LCOH of 1.25
$/kg, after including the United States (US) clean hydrogen production tax incentives. The
proposed system shows the potential to achieve the US Department of Energy target of 1 $/kg
of hydrogen with a 20% reduction in the cost of RE infrastructure. University of Alberta | Publication | 2024-06-01 | Hanifi, A., Shahbakhti, M. |
