| Life cycle assessment to evaluate environmental performance of thermochemical processing of biomass University of Alberta | Publication | 2020-02-19 | Eskinder Gemechu, Adetoyese Oyedun, Edson Nogueira Jr, Kumar, A. |
| Investigating the mechanics of agricultural residue biomass-water mixtures flows while hydro-transporting in vertical pipesJaved K*, Vaezi M, Kumar A. Investigating the mechanics of agricultural residue biomass-water mixtures flows while hydro-transporting in vertical pipes, abstract accepted for presentation to the 2018 ASABE Annual International Meeting, July 29-Aug. 1, 2018, Detroit, Michigan, USA University of Alberta | Activity | 2018-04-28 | Kashif Javed, Mahdi Vaezi, Kumar, A. |
| A consequential life cycle assessment of biofuel production on transportation sectorJuly 7-10, 2019. [Conference Presentation] University of Alberta | Activity | 2019-07-07 | Nafisa Mahbub, Eskinder Gemechu, Kumar, A. |
| Analyzing the techno-economic aspects of co-processing fast pyrolysis bio-oil with conventional vacuum gas oil for the production of liquid fuels.Analyzing the techno-economic aspects of co-processing fast pyrolysis bio-oil with conventional vacuum gas oil for the production of liquid fuels. University of Alberta | Activity | 2022-07-20 | "Sreekumar A", Olufemi Oni, Vinoj Kurian, Kumar, A. |
| Can we marry pipeline transportation with hydrothermal processing?Kumar M*, Javed K, Oyedun AO, Vaezi M, Kumar A. Can we marry pipeline transportation with hydrothermal processing?, abstract submitted to the 26th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition (EUBCE 2018), May 14-18, 2018, Copenhagen, Denmark. University of Alberta | Activity | 2018-04-28 | Mayank Kumar, Kashif Javed, Adetoyese Oyedun, Mahdi Vaezi, Kumar, A. |
| Comparative assessment of pipeline hydro-transport of biomass feedstock – an overview of 8 years experimental and techno-economic studiesVaezi M*, Kumar A. Comparative assessment of pipeline hydro-transport of biomass feedstock – an overview of 8 years experimental and techno-economic studies, presented at the ASABE 2017 Annual International Meeting, July 16-19, 2017, Spokane, Washington. University of Alberta | Activity | 2017-07-16 | Mahdi Vaezi, Kumar, A. |
| Comparison of frictional behaviour and techno-economics of agricultural residue biomass in ascending and descending pipesThis study focuses on the techno-economic assessment of the hydro-transport of chopped agricultural and forest residue biomass by pipeline over a long distance. This could be the most sustainable and economical mode of delivering biomass for the production of biofuels on commercial scale (on par with fossil fuels). Horizontal pipeline loop arrangement has been studies earlier. However, techno-economic assessment of inclined pipeline transport of biomass slurries have not been studied earlier. This study aims at addressing this gap. A long-distance pipeline network's size and cost must be accurately estimated by comprehending and measuring the frictional behaviour and rheological characteristics of various types and sizes of materials through pipe sections at various inclinations. The main objective of the current study is to analyse the frictional behaviour of 6.4 mm particle size of wheat straw aqueous slurries as they pass through a 7.3 m long inclined pipe segment with a 50 mm diameter that is a part of a 29 m long closed-circuit pipeline facility. It will also be examined how frictional pressure drops of biomass-water slurries are impacted by pipe inclinations (both ascending and descending) in relation to the horizontal axis, slurry solid concentration, and slurry velocities. Using the findings of this study, a detailed techno-economical model for long-distance pipelines from farms to large biorefineries will be developed to estimate the cost of delivery of biomass slurries on a large scale. This information developed in this study will help in development of biorefineries on a commercial scale.
University of Alberta | Activity | 2023-07-09 | Kashif Javed, Vinoj Kurian, Kumar, A. |
| Comparison of vertical hydro-transport of lignocellulosic biomass with conventional solidsDate: July 7-10, 2019. [Conference Presentation]. University of Alberta | Activity | 2019-07-07 | Kashif Javed, Mahdi Vaezi, Vinoj Kurian, Kumar, A. |
| Development of a valorization framework for biogenic CO2 emissions from kraft pulp mills. University of Alberta | Activity | 2022-10-26 | "Dwivedi A", F M Khan, Kumar, A. |
| Evaluation of particle size, shape and specific energy consumption during hammer milling of wheat straw and softwood residues.Evaluation of particle size, shape and specific energy consumption during hammer milling of wheat straw and softwood residues. University of Alberta | Activity | 2022-07-20 | Omex Mohan, Vinoj Kurian, Kumar, A., "Pradhan P" |
| Experimental investigation of agricultural residue biomass-water slurry flows in inclined and vertical pipelines University of Alberta | Activity | 2020-07-13 | Kashif Javed, Vinoj Kurian, Kumar, A. |
| Experimental investigation of terminal settling velocity of biomass particles in Newtonian fluid. University of Alberta | Activity | 2021-07-16 | Kashif Javed, Vinoj Kurian, Kumar, A. |
| Hydro-transport of lignocellulosic biomass through inclined pipelines. University of Alberta | Activity | 2021-07-12 | Kashif Javed, Vinoj Kurian, Kumar, A. |
| Hydrothermal treatment of biomass to produce biofuels University of Alberta | Activity | 2019-05-07 | Ankit Mathanker, Deepak Pudasainee, Gupta, R., Kumar, A. |
| Integration of large-scale biomass supply through pipeline for scale-up of biomass processingDate: May 30-31, 2019. [Conference Presentation] University of Alberta | Activity | 2019-05-30 | Kumar, A. |
| Investigating the mechanics of agricultural residue biomass-water mixtures flows while hydro-transporting in vertical pipes University of Alberta | Activity | 2018-07-29 | Kashif Javed, Mahdi Vaezi, Kumar, A. |
| Investigation into the drag reduction behavior during pipeline hydro-transportation of forestry residues The potential of utilizing forestry residues for bioenergy is an attractive option for curbing greenhouse gas emissions and providing new opportunities for the forestry sector. However, the feedstock transportation using trucks to bioenergy facilities is challenging due to the remoteness of feedstock supply locations and the associated high cost. A viable alternative is to use pipelines to transport wood residues as slurry to the end conversion facilities. Even though wood chip slurry transportation has been previously studied with larger particle sizes, the mechanisms of slurry behavior with smaller particles must be further explored. The techno-economic attractiveness will be substantially improved if the forestry residue slurries behave similarly to agricultural residue slurries and show drag reduction behavior. Therefore, the primary goal of this research is to investigate the mechanisms of forestry residue slurry transport using a 2-inch pipeline system and to study the effect of bulk velocity, slurry concentration, and particle characteristics on slurry pressure drop. We measured pressure gradients for wood particle sizes ranging from 1.3 to 3.2 mm with saturated mass concentrations ranging from 5% to 35% and bulk velocities ranging from 0.5 to 5.0 m/s. The results show that drag reduction behavior exists in wood residue slurries with small particle sizes (<2.6 mm) and aspect ratios (4-6). Pressure drop was reduced by 22% when 1.3 mm residues were pumped at a bulk velocity of 3.4 m/s and a saturated mass concentration of 25% compared to water. The relationships between the slurry pressure drop and saturated mass concentration were estimated and used to determine the lower and higher limiting requirements for the drag-reducing regimes in the flow of wood slurry for a given particle size and bulk velocity. The findings of this study will be critical in determining the techno-economic feasibility of pipeline hydro-transportation of forest residues. University of Alberta | Activity | 2024-04-05 | Omex Mohan, Kumar, A. |
| Large scale pipeline hydrotransport of biomass feedstock to bio-based energy facilitiesVaezi M*, Kumar A. Large scale pipeline hydrotransport of biomass feedstock to bio-based energy facilities, presented at the SPARK 2017 Conference, Nov. 6-8, 2017, Edmonton, AB. University of Alberta | Activity | 2017-11-06 | Mahdi Vaezi, Kumar, A. |
| Measuring agricultural residue and woodchips biomass slurry flows critical velocity in pipelines using high-frequency impedancemetry approachVaezi M*, Kumar A. Measuring agricultural residue and woodchips biomass slurry flows critical velocity in pipelines using high-frequency impedancemetry approach, presented at the 67th Canadian Chemical Engineering Conference, Oct. 22-25, 2017, Edmonton, AB. University of Alberta | Activity | 2017-10-22 | Mahdi Vaezi, Kumar, A. |
| Parametric study of hydrothermal treatment of biomass to produce biofuelsJune 16-21, 2019. [Conference Presentation] University of Alberta | Activity | 2019-06-16 | Ankit Mathanker, Deepak Pudasainee, Kumar, A. |
| Pelletization of Three Municipal Solid Waste Streams: Digestate, Source Separated Organics and Refuse Derived Fuel for Use in a BiorefineryWaste-to-energy conversion is one promising approach for sustainable waste management. Densified pelletized biomass meets the requirements to be used in such conversion processes. This study focuses on the thermo-chemical characterization, feasibility of pelletization, the effect of particle size and moisture content of three different waste streams: Source Separated Organics (SSO), Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), and Digestate from the City of Edmonton. Three different milling sizes of 4, 8, and 12 mm, having a moisture content (MC) of 10 and 15% were processed through a die size of 6 mm. Both RDF and SSO could be pelletized. The produced RDF pellets had a calorific value of 21.49 MJ/Kg; the SSO pellets presented a variation between the winter and spring-summer seasons, having an HHV of 19.47 MJ/Kg in winter and 13.88MJ/Kg in spring-summer; this variation is linked with changes in the feedstock composition. The Digestate showed the lowest energetic content with 10.07 MJ/Kg. The ground RDF and SSO particle size directly affects the specific energy consumption and pelletization temperature but has an inverse relation with the process throughput. The moisture content directly affects the pelletization energy requirement for SSO, but the relation is inverse for RDF. The quality of the produced pellets was assessed; for the RDF, the maximum durability achieved was 98.23 %, while for SSO was 97.4 %; The maximum bulk density reached was 594 Kg/m3 for RDF and 730 Kg/m3 for SSO. The optimal pelletization variables were identified for potential scale-up and feedstock production in future thermochemical conversion research. The results of the study is critical for the utilization of the various components of MSW for the production of fuels and chemicals in a biorefinery and contribute to the concept of circular economy. | Activity | 2023-07-09 | Benjamin Mauricio Martinez Castellanos, Omex Mohan, Vinoj Kurian |
| Pipeline hydro transport of wheat straw biomass in vertical pipesJaved K*, Vaezi M, Kumar A. Pipeline hydro transport of wheat straw biomass in vertical pipes, presented at the ASABE 2017 Annual International Meeting, July 16-19, 2017, Spokane, Washington. University of Alberta | Activity | 2017-07-19 | Kashif Javed, Mahdi Vaezi, Kumar, A. |
| Raw biomass slurry flow in an inclined pipeline for its transport over a long distance to a biorefinery University of Alberta | Activity | 2020-07-06 | Kashif Javed, Vinoj Kurian, Kumar, A. |
| Scale up of pipeline hydro-transportation of agricultural and forestry residues.Scale up of pipeline hydro-transportation of agricultural and forestry residues. University of Alberta | Activity | 2022-05-12 | Omex Mohan, Vinoj Kurian, Kumar, A. |
| Scale up study on pipeline hydro-transportation of agricultural and forestry residues University of Alberta | Activity | 2021-09-20 | Omex Mohan, Vinoj Kurian, Kumar, A. |
| Techno-economic assessment of bio-coal production through wet and dry torrefaction processes of different biomass feedstocksDate: May 27-30, 2019. [Conference Presentation] University of Alberta | Activity | 2019-05-27 | Maryam Akbari, Adetoyese Oyedun, Kumar, A. |
| Techno-economic assessment of co-processing of fast pyrolysis bio-oil with fossil fuel derived vacuum gas oilTechno-economic assessment of co-processing of fast pyrolysis bio-oil with fossil fuel derived vacuum gas oil University of Alberta | Activity | 2022-05-12 | "Sreekumar A", Olufemi Oni, Vinoj Kurian, Kumar, A. |
| Techno-economic assessment of pipeline hydro-transport vs. truck delivery of forest residue biomass to a bio-based energy facility based on experimental measurements University of Alberta | Activity | 2018-07-29 | Kashif Javed, Mahdi Vaezi, Kumar, A. |
| Two-phase (solid-liquid) flows of agricultural residue biomass in inclined pipes.Two-phase (solid-liquid) flows of agricultural residue biomass in inclined pipes. University of Alberta | Activity | 2022-07-20 | Kashif Javed, Vinoj Kurian, Kumar, A. |
| Conversion of Organic Waste to Value-added Products | Publication | 2019-09-23 | Maryam Akbari |
| Hydrothermal liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass to produce biofuels | Publication | 2020-01-01 | Ankit Mathanker |
| Hydrothermal liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass using water and hydrogen-donor solvent mixtures to produce energy-dense heavy oil | Publication | 2021-01-01 | Snehlata Das |
| Use of thermogravimetric analyzer and high temperature furnace as an alternative to the coke reactivity index test and study on effect of binders in metallurgical coke making | Publication | 2019-01-01 | Amanthan Santhanakrishnan |
| Hydrothermal liquefaction of pipelined biomass for fuel production University of Alberta | Activity | 2020-11-23 | Kashif Javed, Vinoj Kurian, Kumar, A. |
| Prediction of the frictional behaviour for pipeline hydro transportation of agricultural residue using a neural network model University of Alberta | Activity | 2020-11-23 | Omex Mohan, Vinoj Kurian, Kumar, A. |
| A parametric study through the modeling of hydrothermal gasification for hydrogen production from algal biomassHydrothermal gasification (HTG) is applicable to high moisture content biomass feedstock such as wet microalgae. The key interests of this thermochemical processing are its ability to use whole algae instead of simply lipid extracts and to use a wide range of algal feedstocks. It employs water in the form of a reaction medium to disintegrate biomass into hydrogen gas. The products' composition and yields are a function of process parameters, namely feed concentration, pressure, and temperature. There is very limited literature available on model development to understand the impacts of various input parameters on the products of HTG. This study presents the development of a detailed process model for HTG and the illustration of process parameters on the gas product yields. The approach includes developing the system model, identifying the key process parameters in the reactor setup that affect syngas yield, and understanding the overall process in terms of final product yield. A simulation of hydrothermal gasification based on thermodynamic equilibrium is studied. Based on the developed process model about 52.1 t/day of hydrogen can be produced from 500 t/day of wet algal biomass. This shows the potential of large-scale hydrogen production through this process for the hydrogen economy. The results from this study could be used by the gas processing industry and policymakers to determine the most feasible means of converting biomass-based resources into gaseous fuels. University of Alberta | Publication | 2021-04-01 | Mayank Kumar, Adetoyese Oyedun, Kumar, A. |
| A Review of Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass for Biofuels Production with a Special Focus on the Effect of Process Parameters, Co-Solvents, and Extraction SolventsHydrothermal liquefaction is one of the common thermochemical conversion methods
adapted to convert high-water content biomass feedstocks to biofuels and many other valuable
industrial chemicals. The hydrothermal process is broadly classified into carbonization, liquefaction,
and gasification with hydrothermal liquefaction conducted in the intermediate temperature range of
250–374 ◦C and pressure of 4–25 MPa. Due to the ease of adaptability, there has been considerable
research into the process on using various types of biomass feedstocks. Over the years, various
solvents and co-solvents have been used as mediums of conversion, to promote easy decomposition of the lignocellulosic components in biomass. The product separation process, to obtain the finalproducts, typically involves multiple extraction and evaporation steps, which greatly depend on the type of extractive solvents and process parameters. In general, the main aim of the hydrothermalprocess is to produce a primary product, such as bio-oil, biochar, gases, or industrial chemicals,such as adhesives, benzene, toluene, and xylene. All of the secondary products become part ofthe side streams. The optimum process parameters are obtained to improve the yield and quality of the primary products. A great deal of the process depends on understanding the underlined reaction chemistry during the process. Therefore, this article reviews the major works conducted in the field of hydrothermal liquefaction in order to understand the mechanism of lignocellulosic conversion, describing the concept of a batch and a continuous process with the most recent state-of-art technologies in the field. Further, the article provides detailed insight into the effects of various process parameters, co-solvents, and extraction solvents, and their effects on the products’ yield and quality. It also provides information about possible applications of products obtained through liquefaction. Lastly, it addresses gaps in research and provides suggestions for future studies. University of Alberta | Publication | 2021-08-11 | Ankit Mathanker, Snehlata Das, Deepak Pudasainee, "Monir Khan", Kumar, A., Gupta, R. |
| Application of high-frequency impedancemetry approach in measuring the critical velocities of biomass and sand slurry flows in pipelines University of Alberta | Publication | 2018-10-17 | Mahdi Vaezi, "Shubham Verma", Kumar, A. |
| Comparative energy and techno-economic analyses of two different configurations for hydrothermal carbonization of yard waste University of Alberta | Publication | 2020-02-19 | Maryam Akbari, Adetoyese Oyedun, Kumar, A. |
| Comparison of maize stover and wheat straw slurry flow in vertical pipes University of Alberta | Publication | 2022-05-01 | Kashif Javed, Vinoj Kurian, Kumar, A. |
| Experimental study on two-phase (solid-liquid) flows of ground wheat straw in inclined pipes Long-distance pipeline hydro-transport of lignocellulosic biomass for industrial-scale biofuel production at levels comparable to conventional oil refineries presents an economically and logistically viable alternative to fossil fuels. There is limited understanding of the behavior of the transportation of agricultural biomass slurries in an inclined pipeline. This research is focused on a laboratory-scale investigation of 6.4 mm nominal particle length (d50 = 4.85 mm) knife-milled wheat straw-water suspensions' uphill and downhill flows for a range of pipe inclination and saturated mass concentrations. The range of pipe inclination and saturated mass concentration was -7° to +21° and 5%-30%, respectively. The inclined test section was 29 m long with a 50 mm inside diameter of a closed pipeline loop. The accuracy of the measurements was verified by calibrating the inclined pipe section with fine sand (d50 = 0.103 mm)-aqueous slurries and comparing the results with established correlations. Most wheat straw-aqueous suspensions in the inclined flows showed the characteristics of the plug flow and the transition flow regions together for saturated mass concentration, Cm = 5%-30% and the entire flow range (0.5-4.7 m s-1), with a clear dependence of both the onset velocity of drag reduction (vOD) and drag reduction (%DR) on the pipe inclination as well as the slurry concentration and the critical concentration of maximum drag reduction (Cm)cr on a specific range of suspension velocity. Because of the accelerating effect of gravity, downhill slurry flows had the lowest vOD and the highest %DR at every Cm and pipe inclination with a maximum drag reduction of 25.53% at vm = 4.5 m s-1 and Cm = 25%. Uphill flows demonstrated some nonmonotonic changes in vOD and %DR, which need more experimental data for us to reach a firm conclusion. The research outcomes could help design and operate a long-distance integrated pipeline network for biomass transportation to produce biofuels on a large scale. University of Alberta | Publication | 2024-04-04 | Kashif Javed, Vinoj Kurian, Kumar, A. |
| Frictional behaviour of wheat straw-water suspensions in vertical upward flowsThe use of biofuels helps mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Earlier studies have shown that transporting biomass in horizontal pipelines in the form of water-based slurries significantly reduces transportation costs. The frictional behaviour of water-based chopped wheat straw slurry in a vertical pipeline has not been studied and this is the focus of this study. In situ concentrations of water-based conventional solids of medium sand, glass beads, and fine sand and straw slurry flows were determined by measuring their delivered concentrations in pseudo-homogeneous regimes for prepared concentrations of 1–6% (dry volume of conventional solids) and 5–25% (saturated mass of straw), respectively. Two grades of sand and glass beads with mean particle diameters of 0.103, 0.447, and 0.5 mm, respectively, and straw with a nominal particle length of 19.2 mm were utilised. The delivered concentrations for the straw slurries and fine sand were close to their corresponding prepared concentrations and were homogeneous. There was a large discrepancy between prepared and delivered concentrations for the medium-sized sand and glass beads slurries. The pressure drop of straw slurries over the range of velocities of 0.5–4.2 m s−1 and mass concentrations of 5–25% through the vertical pipe showed a maximum drag reduction of 19% at a concentration of 25% (mass) and at a 3.5 m s−1 velocity. For concentrations of 5–20% (mass), the straw slurries showed drag-reducing capabilities in the mixed and turbulent flow regions for various velocities that were different from horizontal flows. University of Alberta | Publication | 2021-10-18 | Kashif Javed, Mahdi Vaezi, Vinoj Kurian, Kumar, A. |
| Hydrothermal liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass feedstock to produce biofuels: parametric study and products characterization University of Alberta | Publication | 2020-02-19 | Ankit Mathanker, Deepak Pudasainee, Kumar, A., Gupta, R. |
| Kumar M, Oyedun AO, Kumar A. A review on the current status of various hydrothermal technologies on biomass feedstock, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018, 81 (2): 1742-1770.Journal Paper University of Alberta | Publication | 2018-04-28 | Mayank Kumar, Adetoyese Oyedun, Kumar, A. |
| Rheology of fiber suspension flows in pipeline hydro-transport of biomass feedstock University of Alberta | Publication | 2020-12-16 | Ali Faghania Faghania Ali, "Samya Sen", Mahdi Vaezi, Kumar, A. |
| Synergistic effect of water and co-solvents on the hydrothermal liquefaction of agricultural biomass to produce heavy oilHydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) was performed on Alberta’s agricultural biomass, corn stover and wheat straw, at an operating temperature of 300°C, initial reactor pressure of 600 psi and zero min retention time. Effects of adding Co-solvents (Methanol, Ethanol, and 2-Propanol) on yield and quality of heavy oil has been studied. 2-Propanol exhibited to be a promising Co-solvent that has improved the quality of heavy oil. HTL of corn stover using water-2-propanol mixture produced heavy oil having oxygen content of 18.8 wt.%, Higher Heating Value (HHV) of 32.0 MJ/kg and Total Acid Number (TAN) value of 81.74 mg KOH/g oil. HTL of wheat straw using water-2-propanol mixture produced heavy oil showing an oxygen content of 17.99 wt.% and HHV of 32.86 MJ/kg. University of Alberta | Publication | 2022-01-06 | Snehlata Das, Ankit Mathanker, Deepak Pudasainee, "Khan M", Kumar, A., Gupta, R. |
| The development of a cost model for two supply chain networks of the decentralized pyrolysis system to produce bio-oil University of Alberta | Publication | 2020-02-19 | Madhumita Patel, Adetoyese Oyedun, Kumar, A., John Doucette |
| The development of empirical correlations to understand the frictional behavior of aqueous biomass slurry flows in vertical pipesLarge-scale biofuel production at levels equivalent to conventional oil refineries using long-distance pipeline hydro-transport of biomass can be a cleaner alternative to fossil fuels when it comes to economics and traffic congestion associated with the overland transportation of biomass. The transport of aqueous slurries of several saturated mass concentrations (5%-40%) and four-particle sizes (from <3.2-19.2 mm) of two types of agricultural residue biomass (ARB) feedstock (corn stover and wheat straw) was studied through a vertical test section of a 29 m long, 50 mm diameter closed circuit pipeline facility, and frictional pressure drops were recorded at different flow rates (0.5-4.3 m s-1). A framework was developed in RStudio (4.0.5) to analyze the experimentally obtained frictional pressure drops of biomass slurries through a multiple linear regression approach using a backward elimination method and Akaike information criterion. An empirical model was proposed to predict slurry frictional pressure drop in terms of slurry velocity, slurry solid mass concentration, particle aspect ratio, and feedstock type. The model satisfactorily predicted the frictional pressure drops of both feedstocks of biomass-water slurry flows through pipes within a 95% confidence interval. The correlations introduced for onset velocities of drag reduction in terms of slurry solid mass concentrations seemed helpful to interpret the transition points of the corresponding slurries in vertical upward flows through pipes. The empirical correlation developed in this research could help select biomass slurry pumps and pipe dimensions when designing a typical long distance pipeline network for biofuel production at the commercial level. University of Alberta | Publication | 2023-06-05 | Kashif Javed, Vinoj Kurian, Kumar, A. |
| The Development of Empirical Correlations to Understand the Frictional Behavior of Aqueous Biomass Slurry Flows in Vertical Pipes University of Alberta | Publication | 2023-01-01 | Kashif Javed, Kumar, A. |
| The effect of particle size and concentration on the frictional behavior of vertical upward flows of wheat straw aqueous slurries University of Alberta | Publication | 2022-09-01 | Kashif Javed, Vinoj Kurian, Kumar, A. |
| Hydrothermal torrefaction of high moisture content biomass University of Alberta | Publication | 2021-05-03 | Kumar, A. |
